How Income Taxes Work
Taxpayers and businesses spend an estimated 7.1 billion hours a year complying with
tax-filing requirements, which is worth $388 billion in economic value just to comply with
tax regulations.1
As complex as the details of taxes can be, the income tax process is fairly
straightforward. However, the majority of Americans would rather not spend time with
the process, which explains why half hire a tax professional to assist in their annual
filing.2
Remember, this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. Please consult a
professional with tax or legal experience for specific information regarding your
individual situation.
Getting Started
The tax process starts with income, and generally, most income received is taxable. A
taxpayer’s gross income includes income from work, investments, interest, pensions, as
well as other sources. The income from all these sources is added together to arrive at
the taxpayer’s gross income.
What’s not considered income? Gifts, inheritances, workers’ compensation benefits,
welfare benefits, or cash rebates from a dealer or manufacturer.3
From gross income, adjustments are subtracted. These adjustments may include
retirement plan contributions, half of self-employment, and other items.
The result is the adjusted gross income.
From adjusted gross income, deductions are subtracted. With deductions, taxpayers
have two choices: the standard deduction or itemized deductions. The standard
deduction amount varies based on filing status, as shown on this chart:
Chart Source: IRS.gov, 2025
Itemized deductions can include state and local taxes, charitable contributions, the
interest on a home mortgage, and certain unreimbursed job expenses, among other
things. Keep in mind that there are limits on the amount of state and local taxes that can
be deducted.4
Once deductions have been subtracted, the result is taxable income. Taxable income
leads to gross tax liability.
But it’s not over yet.
Any tax credits are then subtracted from the gross tax liability. Taxpayers may receive
credits for a variety of items, including energy-saving improvements.
The result is the taxpayer’s net tax.
Understanding how the tax process works is one thing. Doing the work is quite another.
- TaxFoundation.org, August 27, 2025
- IRS.gov, 2025
- The tax code allows an individual to gift up to $19,000 per person in 2026 without
triggering any gift or estate taxes. An individual can give away up to $15,000,000
without owing any federal tax. Couples can leave up to $30,000,000 without owing any
federal tax. Also, keep in mind that some states may have their own estate tax
regulations. This material is not intended as tax or legal advice. Please consult a
professional with tax or legal experience for specific information regarding your
individual situation.
- The mortgage interest deduction is the first $750,000 of the loan for a home and the
state and local income taxes deduction is capped at $40,400 for 2026.
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information.
The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used
for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax
professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material
was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may
be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or
SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided
are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase
or sale of any security. Copyright 2026 FMG Suite.